Sughd area

Khujand City

Khujand city in northern Tajikistan, the administrative center of Sughd area.

Population - 165 thousand inhabitants (2011).

One of the oldest cities of Central Asia. The second largest city of Tajikistan, an important transportation hub, the political, economic, cultural and scientific center.

The airport, railway station Khujand (11 km from the center of Khujand in Gafurov).

Name

Modern Russian name of the city - Khujand, sometimes transliterated as Khujand, Hudzhandt.

From the time of the Russian Empire until 1936 and the Persian name of the city - pers. خجند, in Russian was made to pass as Khujand.

On January 10, 1936 to 26 February 1991 the town was named Leninabad (in honor of Lenin (Ulyanov)), while in the historical literature as the city for a period up to 1936 remained writing Khujand, is also writing in the official practice continued used in the title Khojent area of the Tajik SSR.

Decision of the Supreme Soviet of the Tajik SSR № 246 dated February 26, 1991 the city returned to its historical name.

Transport

City is served by bus routes, three trolley route (in 1994 there were 11 trolleybus routes) and route taxis.

Population

Khujand - the second most populous city in Tajikistan after Dushanbe. Agglomeration of 556 300 people.

Year	1897	1926	1959	1973	1989	2002	2007	2011
population, thousand people	30	37	77	113	160	147	149	165

Khujand is situated on the banks of the Syr Darya, Kayrakkum below the reservoir 35 above the Uzbek Bekabad. Is part of the Fergana Valley, between the spurs of the Turkestan range in the south and the mountains in the north Mogoltau.

The city is located 200 km northeast of Dushanbe (on the road - 341 km).

climate

Quote of the St. Petersburg Gazette, 1868 (№ 215, 219):

"... Khujand is situated on the banks of the Syr Darya, and perfect abounding on all sides surrounded by mountains, the slopes are green with lush gardens, and all this together - water, mountains and vegetation in the summer, when the local heat and drought, gives a favorable air fresh and clean, in winter Moderation. Khujand ... all surrounded by magnificent gardens, which are greater here than in other areas of. All of these gardens, fruit, fruits grow here in amazing abundance and they are supplied with the surrounding towns ... "

On the climate of Tajikistan, including Khujand is greatly affected by the same air masses that invade the territory of Central Asia, and determine the nature and weather changes. Rainfall in the region of Khujand and throughout the Ferghana Valley is mainly due to cyclonic activity and the nature of the underlying surface.

Major role in precipitation are the Southern Caspian, Murghab and verhneamudarinsky cyclones, as well as the mass of cold air moving from the west, north-west and north. Reaching the front of the mountains, came air masses rise to the surface, cooled and receive an additional effect on cloud formation and precipitation. All of these air masses penetrate into the limits of the Ferghana Valley to the west and southwest, but on the way they are faced with the western and south-western slopes of the mountain ranges of northern Tajikistan, and they get more rain than the leeward slopes, valleys and intermontane basins. Thus, on the windward slopes Zeravshan, Turkestan and Kurama ranges of precipitation per year is more than 400-800 mm. This is confirmed by the fact that during the winter in these mountains formed by deep snow, what is the avalanches in the spring. As we move deeper into the mountain country, these air masses reach the inner areas, strongly depleted in moisture, resulting in inter-mountain valleys and deep basin receive very little rainfall. In Khujand annual rainfall: in the cold season, 87 mm, and the greatest number of them - March and April months (25-27 mm), smallest in the summer months (9-11 mm in August.).

As a rule, precipitation falls as snow only at low temperatures. In the region of Khujand steady snow cover is absent in 20% of the winter, and in 3-10% of the winter is not formed at all. Here, snow depth in February in the middle reaches 1-3 cm, and the rest of the year is missing. The highest decadal snow depth was observed in the third week of February - 47 cm The average date of occurrence of snow falls on December 15, and the earliest on October 31. The number of days with snow cover exactly 21.

Climate Khujand
Index	January	February	March	April	May	June	July	August	September	October	November	December	Year
average maximum, ° C	3,5	6,2	13,8	21,9	28,6	34,2	35,5	32,4	28,8	20,6	12,3	5,6	20,3
average minimum, ° C	-3,2	-1,8	4,2	10,7	15,6	19,6	21,2	18,8	13,6	8,1	3,4	-0,5	9,1
rainfall, mm	15,1	15,4	24,9	26,8	20,1	8,6	3,9	1,2	3,2	14,9	15,7	17,3	167,1 < / th>

History

The history of the city goes back to antiquity. The city existed even during the Achaemenid dynasty. The troops of Alexander of Macedon conquered the city, fortified it, he called Alexandria Eskhata (extreme).

In VIII. Arabs captured the city. In 1219-1220 years the city has provided fierce resistance from the troops of Genghis Khan, but was destroyed.

Since ancient times, Khujand, being at the crossroads of trade routes of the East, the Silk Road, was one of the most important economic, military, strategic and cultural centers of Transoxiana.

Khujand was the birthplace of famous astronomers, mathematicians, physicians, historians, poets, and musicians. One of them Abumahmud Khujandi - the founder of the local astronomical school. "Nightingale of Khujand," named in the XIV century Kamol Khujandi - author of the famous ghazals. Equally popular in the Middle Ages was an outstanding poet, musician and dancer Mahasti. In the XIX century in Khujand were active in educational activities such cultural figures as Toshhodzha Asiri, Sodirhon Hafiz Hodja Yusuf.

in the Russian Empire

May 24, 1866 the city was occupied by the Russian army and joined the Russian Empire (see Central Asian possessions of the Russian Empire). Membership in the densely populated center of the empire, which had a rich economic resources, counties, major roads between the site Ferghana Valley, the Tashkent oasis and Zarafshan valley, a major trading center, has opened new opportunities for the development of Khujand.

The city was the administrative center of Khojent district of Samarkand region.

In July 1916 the city began the Central Asian revolt.

Under Soviet rule

In early 1918, in Soviet power was established on 2 October 1929, he was included in the Tajik SSR.

In the postwar period Leninabad became the largest after Dushanbe industrial and cultural center of Tajikistan. Industry has become a multi-city, equipped with advanced domestic and foreign technology, in the city acted shelkokombinat - one of the largest enterprises of the republic. In 1991, dozens of companies in Khujand made for the same day of industrial products, as in all pre-revolutionary Tajikistan for the year. Shelkokombinata tissue were sent to 450 cities in the USSR and foreign countries.

Starting in the 60s Leninabad is actively expanding its borders. City stepped up on the right bank of the Syr Darya, throwing two bridges across it.

In 1970, the in Leninabad was put trolleybus.

During the Soviet period dramatic changes took place in health care. By 1991, in Khujand, there were 40 medical and prophylactic establishments, employing about 2.5 thousand doctors and specialists with higher and honey. education.

Major changes have taken place in public education. In 1991, in Khujand operated 30 schools with an enrollment of about 30,000 students.

In 1986 the city celebrated jubilee - the 2500th anniversary of the founding. In this regard, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet city was awarded the Order of Friendship of Peoples.

Culture, Education

The theater. Historical and regional studies, the archaeological museum.

In 1932 he opened Pedagogical Institute, where he learned to just 26 people. Today, at 16 faculties of the university, converted in 1991 to Khujand State University study of more than 10 thousand students.

Attractions

The medieval citadel, the mosque and the mausoleum of Sheikh Muslihiddin (17-18 cc.), The Orthodox Church of Mary Magdalene - the oldest in the territory of Tajikistan, an Orthodox church built in 1884 by means of a Moscow merchant Khludov. A monument to the poet who was born in the city Kamol Khujandi.